ISSUE: 3/2022

  • Volume 26
  • Number 3
  • 2022

Subscribe NEWSLETTER

Studia Europejskie –
Studies in European Affairs

ISSN: 1428-149X
e-ISSN: 2719-3780

Ccbync License

License

Articles published in the journal are under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International License

Türkiye’s Economic Diplomacy: Enhancing the Impact and Coherence of Türkiye’s External Actions as an Emerging Strategy

Abstract

This article refers to the economic diplomacy of Türkiye and illustrates some changes during the history of the country’s political and economic diplomacy. The background of the economic diplomacy process has been clarified and detailed information has been included. Bipolar and unipolar periods are analysed within the framework of economic and political diplomacies in their natural state. The development process of the Turkish economic diplomacy strategy is identified during particular periods in Turkish history. The structural transformation of Türkiye as regards its inward-oriented to outward-oriented economic policies has been evaluated. The mechanisms of Türkiye’s multi-directional foreign policy, bilateral trade, and diplomatic relations between Türkiye, the EU and other countries are examined. The role of dependence and interdependence in economics are given in the context of economic globalisation. For this research, the historical methodology has been used. It is suggested that collaborative problem solving with all the institutions involved in economic and political decisions could lead to better outcomes for the country in the international arena.

References

Acma, B. (2017) Structural Reforms for Sustainable Growth in Turkish Public Economy. Kyiv: Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

Acs, P. and Fodor, P. (2020) Identity and Culture in Ottoman Hungary. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9783112209301.

Atatürk Ansiklopedisi (2013) Kurtuluş Savaşı (Askerî ve Siyasî Zaferler). Available at: https://www.atam.gov.tr/duyurular/kurtulus-savasiaskeri-ve-siyasi-zaferler (Access 29.06.2022).

Atlı, A. (2013) Business Associations and Foreign Policy: Revisiting StateBusiness Relations in Turkey. PhD. Dissertation. Istanbul: Boğaziçi University.

Bağcı, H. (2011) The Role of Turkey as a New Player in the G20 System in Hofmeister W. and Vogt S. (eds.) G20 – Perceptions and Perspectives for Global Governance. Singapore: Konrad-Adenauer- Stiftung, pp. 147–152.

Basar, H. (1994) “Economic cooperation among Islamic countries”, Musiad Research Reports. Vol. 8.

BBC (2020) A quick guide to the US-China trade war. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-45899310 (Access 29.06.2022).

Berridge, G.R. and James, A. (2003) A Dictionary of Diplomacy. 2nd Edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

Borchardt, K.D. (1987) European Unifi cation: The origins and growth of the European Community, Documentation 3/1986 [EU Commission – Brochure]. Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/4562/ (Access 29.06.2022).

Buğra, A. (2003) “The Place of the Economy in Turkish Society”, The South Atlantic Quarterly. Vol. 102(2/3), pp. 453–470. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-102-2-3-453

Coşkun, Y. (2015) The Cyprus Problem and Anglo-Turkish Relations 1967– 1980, PhD. Thesis, University of East Anglia.

Dağdemir, Ö. (2016) “A New Strategy Within the Industrialization of Turkey: Collaboration of Export-Led Industrialization With Impo”, International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences. Proceedings of International Academic Conferences 4006396. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20472/IAC.2016.024.027.

Dagdemir, Ö . and Kucukkalay, A.M. (1999) “Turkiyede 1960-1980 Mudahale donemi ekonomileri: iktisat politikalari ve Makro Ekonomik Gostergeler Acisindan Bir Karsilastirma”, Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. Vol. 3.

Danforth, N. et al. (2022) Turkey’s foreign policy and its consequences for the EU, Policy Department for External Relations Directorate General for External Policies of the Union, Brussels.

Diane, B.K. (1997) Butter and Guns: America’s Cold War Economic. New York: The Free Press. DW (2022) Putin urges BRICS nations to cooperate with Russia. Available at: https://www.dw.com/en/putin-urges-brics-nations-to-cooperatewith-russia/a-62236984 (Access 29.06.2022).

Eichengreen, B. (2012) “Economic History and Economic Policy”, The Journal of Economic History. Vol. 72(2), pp. 289–307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050712000034.

ELÇİ, I.H. (2019), “Osmanlı Diplomasisi ve Gelişim Süreci (Ottoman Diplomacy and Development Process)”, KÜLLİYAT Osmanlı Araştırmaları Dergisi – The Journal Of Ottoman Studies. Vol. 9, pp. 23–38.

Encyclopaedia Britannica (2003) The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia: Knowledge in depth. Vol. 17.

Erler Bayir, O. (2011) “The Establishment Process of Left Parties in Turkey in the Transition Period to Multi-party System”, Journal of Faculty of Political Sciences – Siyasal Bilgiler Fakultesi Dergisi. Vol. 45, pp. 45–72.

European Commission (2022) Ukraine: EU agrees fi fth package of restrictive measures against Russia – Press release. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_2332 (Access 29.06.2022).

Faure, F. (2022) The new Turkish economic policy. Available at: https://economic-research.bnpparibas.com/ecotvweek/en-US/Turkisheconomic-policy-1/28/2022,c36869 (Access 29.06.2022).

FHA (2022) ABD den Avrupaya kadar; Turiyeye savunma sanayi ambargosu uygulayan ulkeler. Available at: https://www.farsnews.ir/tr/news/14010308000937/ABD’den-Avrpa’ya-kadar-Türkiye’ye-savnmasanayi-ambargs-yglayan (Access 29.06.2022).

Florence, B.I. (2017) EU Economic Diplomacy Strategy. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/570483/EXPO_IDA(2017)570483_EN.pdf (Access 29.06.2022).

Garwood, S. (2017) Cross-Cultural Exchange in the Post-Medieval Adriatic: An examination of glass artefacts from the 15th through mid-18th centuries. Thesis University of Sheffield.

Gilpin, R. (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400882779.

Gol, A. (1992) “A Short Summary of Turkish Foreign Policy: 1923–1939”, International Herald Tribune, 13.06. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-fi le/36541 (Access 29.06.2022).

Gunter, M.M. (1989) “Political Instability in Turkey During the 1970s”, Journal of Conflict Studies. Vol. 9(1).

Hao, Y. (2014) Some Thoughts on Deepening Economic Diplomacy. Available at: https://www.ciis.org.cn/english/COMMENTARIES/202007/t20200715_2830.html (Access 29.06.2022).

Hurriyet (2022) Ticaret Bakanı Mehmet Muş, basın toplantısında açıklamalarda bulund. Available at: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/video/ticaret-bakanimehmet-mus-basin-toplantisinda-aciklamalarda-bulundu-42075835 (Access 29.06.2022).

Kaiser, D.E. (1980) Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War: Germany, Britain, France, and Eastern Europe, 1930–1939. Princeton: Princeton University Press. DOI: http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183q12g.

Kalaycı, I. (2008) “Atatürk’ün Kalkınma Modeli: Devletçi İktisat Politikası Boyutu”, Ekonomik Yaklaşım Dergisi. Vol. 19 (Special), pp. 227–249.

Keohane, R.O. and Nye, J.S. (2001) Power and Interdependence. 3rd ed. New York: Longman.

Kishan, S.R. (2007) Economic Diplomacy: The experience of Developing Countries in Bayne N. and Woolcock S. (eds.) The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, pp. 201–217.

Koçak, C. (1986) Türkiye’de Milli Şef Dönemi. 1st ed. Ankara: Yurt Yayınlari.

Kruszelnicki, K.S. (2003) Economics & Science 1. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2003/10/23/971012.htm (Access 29.06. 2022).

Kurtaran, B. (2020) “Economic Diplomacy of Turkey”, Thesis. Middle East Technical University.

Laertius, D. (1925) Lives of Eminent Philosophers. New York: Harvard University Press, Volume II, Books 6-10 (Loeb Classical Library No.185).

Lee, D. and Hocking, B. (2010) Economic Diplomacy in The International Studies Encyclopedia. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.384.

McKercher, B.J.C. (ed.) (2022) The Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft. London: Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003016625.

MEMO (2022) Turkey FM: Canada may follow UK in lifting ban on arms exports amid Ukraine war. Available at: https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220410-turkey-fm-canada-may-follow-uk-in-lifting-ban-onarms-exports-amid-ukraine-war/ (Access 29.06.2022).

MFA (2022) Diplomacy for business. Available at: https://www.gov.pl/web/diplomacy/diplomacy-for-business (Access 29.06.2022).

MFA (2022) Turkey- NATO Together for Peace and Security Since 60 Years. Available at: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey-nato-together-for-peaceand-security-since60-years.en.mfa (Access 29.06.2022).

MFA (2022) Turkish Foreign Policy During Ataturk’s Era. Available at: https://www.mfa.gov.tr/ataturk-doneminde-turk-dis-politikasi.tr.mfa(Access 29.06.2022).

Ministry of Culture and Tourism (2022) Annually Activity Report. Available at: https://sgb.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/94121,2021-yili-idare-faaliyet-raporupdf.pdf?0 (Access 29.06.2022).

MOT (2019) Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmaları. Available at: https://ticaret.gov.tr/dis-iliskiler/serbest-ticaret-anlasmalari (Access 29.06.2022).

Newsome, B.O. and Jarmon, J.A. (2015) A Practical Introduction to Homeland Security and Emergency Management: From Home to Abroad. California: Sage Publications. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483397962.

Nicholas, B. and Woolcock, S. (2017) What is Economic Diplomacy? in The New Economic Diplomacy: Decision-Making and Negotiation in International Economic Relations, 4th ed. New York: Routledge. DOI:https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315182162.

Ögütçü, M. (1998) “Türkiye’de Yeni Bir Ekonomik ve Ticari Diplomasi Stratejisine doğru”, Türk Sanayici ve İş Adamları Derneği, TÜSİAD. Istanbul. Vol. 6 (230).

Okano-Heijmans, M. (2011) “Conceptualizing Economic Diplomacy:The  of International Relations, Economics, IPE and Diplomatic Studies”, The Hague Journal of Diplomacy. Vol. 6(1–2), pp. 7– 36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/187119111X566742.

Oslington, P. (2013) “Contextual History, Practitioner History, and Classic Status: Reading Jacob Viner’s The Customs Union Issue”, Journal of the History of Economic Thought. Vol. 35(4), pp. 491–515. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1017/S1053837213000308.

Özcelik, M. (2010) “Ikinci Dunya Savasinda Turk Dis Politikasi”, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitusu Dergisi. Vol. 29(2), pp. 253–269.

Özçobanlar, M. (2015) “The Social Structure of Turkey and the Effect of Anatolian Tiger Entrepreneurs on Economic Growth and Regional Development in Turkey”, International Scientific Conference MERKUR for PhD. students and Young Scientists. Faculty of Commerce, University of Economics. Bratislava.

Özder, F. (2017) “Birinci Beş Yıllık Sanayi Planı ekseninde Atatürk Dönemi Türk-Sovyet Ekonomik ve Ticari İlişkileri”, Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılâp Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi. Vol. 60 (Bahar), pp. 143–170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1501/Tite_0000000464.

Özkan, A. (2019) “21. Yüzyılın Stratejik Vizyonu Kamu Diplomasisi ve Türkiye’nin Kamu Diplomasisi İmkânları”, TASAM – Türk Asya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. Stratejik Rapor. Vol. 70(8).

Pamuk, S. (2007) “Economic change in twentieth century Turkey: Is the glass more than half full?”, The American University of Paris. DOI:10.1017/CHOL9780521620963.011.

Pangratis, A. (2019) EU economic diplomacy: Enhancing the impact and coherence of the EU’s external actions in the economic sphere in Bilal S. and Hoekman B. (eds.) Perspectives on the Soft Power of EU Trade Policy. London: CEPR Press, pp. 55–61.

Peter, H.S. (2018) “Mesopotamia 2550 B.C.: The Earliest Boundary Water Treaty”, Global Journal of Archeaelogy & Anthropology. Vol. 5(4). DOI: 10.19080/GJAA.2018.05.555669.

Polat, Ç. (2017) “Türkiye ve Enerji Sektörel Yapı, Stratejiler ve Uygulamalar”. Ankara: Gazi Kitabevi Tic. Ltd. Presidential Decree on Presidential Organizations in 1 (2018) Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey. Available at: http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2018/07/20180710-1.pdf (Access 29.06.2022).

Reena, D. (2009) Glass Bridges: Cross-Cultural Exchange between Florence and the Ottoman Empire. Master Thesis University of Edinburgh.

Reisinger, S.H. (2020) US imposes CAATSA sanctions on Turkish SSB and related officers. Available at: https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en/knowledge/publications/852a1100/us-imposes-caatsa-sanctions-onturkish-ssb-and-related-offi cers (Access 29.06.2022).

Roberts, K. (2011) The Origins of Business, Money, and Markets. Columbia: Columbia University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7312/robe15326.

Rodrick, D. (1998) “Has Globalization Gone Too Far?”, Challenge. Vol. 41(2), pp. 81–94. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1998.11472025.

Saner, R. and Yiu, L. (2003) “International Economic Diplomacy: Mutations in Post-modern Times”, Netherlands Institute of International Relations’Clingendael’. Iss. 84.

Satterthwaite, J.C. (1972) “The Truman Doctrine: Turkey”, American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 401, pp. 74–84. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000271627240100109.

Shangquan, G. (2000) Economic Globalization: Trends, Risks and Risk Prevention. New York: CDP Background Paper. No. 1 ST/ESA/2000/CDP/1.

Sicker, M. (2002) “The Political Economy of Work in the 21st Century” Implications for an Aging American Workforce. West Port: Quorum Books.

Smith, R. (1886) “Arab Tribes”, The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art. Vol. 61, p. 750.Soylu, P.Ü. and Yaktı, Ö. (2012) “A Claimant Economic Launching: First Five-Year Industrial Plan”, History Studies: International Journal of History, Special Issue: Enver Konukçu Armağanı. Available at: https://journaldatabase.info/articles/devletcilie_yonelmede_bir_koe_ta.html
(Access 7.06.2022).

Stephen, J.F. and Brannen, S. (2009) Turkey’s Evolving Dynamics: Strategic Choices for U.S.– Turkey Relations. Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

Svetlicic, M. (2011) “Competences for Economic Diplomacy and International Business; Convergence or Divergence?”. Uprava, Vol. IX(1), pp. 145–167.

Swedberg, R. (1994) “The Idea of ’Europe’ and the Origin of the European Union – A Sociological Approach”, Zeitschrift für Soziologie. Vol. 23(5) Jg. 23, Heft 5, pp. 378–387. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1515/zfsoz-1994-0503.

Tapia, F.S. (2022) “The balancing act of Turkish foreign policy and the war in Ukraine). Instituto Espanol de Estudios Estrategicos, Analysis Papers. Vol. 31.

The Holy Bible. Ecclesiastes. 1:9. New International Version (1979). London: Hodder & Stoughton.

Topaktaş , H. (2014) “Polonya’nın Türkiye’deki İlk Daimi Elçiliğinin Kurulma Süreci: Tarihsel Dinamikler”, Uluslararası İliş kiler. Vol. 11(43), pp. 105–125. DOI:https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.552683.

Treaty of Rome (1957) Treaty Estblishing te European Economic Community. 25.03.1957 Rome. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/LSU/?uri=CELEX:11957E/TXT (Access 29.06.2022).

Turgutoğlu, K. (2020) “Ekonomik Diplomasinin Ekonomik Güvenliğe Etkisi: Çin-Afrika İlişkileri Analizi”, Diplomasi Araştırmaları Dergisi. Vol. 2(1), pp. 75–97.

TUSIAD (2022) About TÜSİAD. Available at: https://tusiad.org/en/tusiad/about (Access 29.06.2022).

U.S. Department of State (2018) Economic Diplomacy and America’s Economic Revival DipNote. Available at: https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2018/06/19/en/economic-diplomacy-and-americas-economicrevival (Access 29.06.2022).

U.S. Department of State (2020) The United States Sanctions Turkey Under CAATSA 231.Available at: https://2017-2021.state.gov/the-united-statessanctions-turkey-under-caatsa-231/index.html (Access 29.06.2022).

Ugdul, T. (2022) Diplomasi Cephesi. 1st ed. Istanbul: Remzi Kitabevi. Ujwary-Gil, A. and Gancarczyk, M. (eds.) (2020) New Challenges in Economic Policy, Business, and Management. Warszawa: Institute of Economics Polish Academy of Sciences.

Ulusoy, I. (2017) “Atatürk Dönemi İktisadi Kalkınma Modeli (1923–1938)”, Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. Vol. 1(2), pp. 111–124.

Unay, S. (2010) “Economic Diplomacy for Competitiveness: Globalization and Turkey’s New Foreign Policy”, Journal of International Affairs. Vol. XV(3–4), pp. 21–47.

Under, M. (2021) Türk Savuma Sanayiinin Yükselişi. Istanbul: STM Savunma Teknolojileri Mühendislik ve Ticaret A.Ş.

United Nations (2018) The Technology and Innovation Report 2018: Harnessing Frontier Technologies for Sustainable Development. Switzerland: United Nations Publication.

Van Bergeijk, P.A.G. (2009) Economic Diplomacy and the Geography of International Trade. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781007778.

Vandov, D. (2014) Atatürk Dönemi Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri. Istanbul: Kaynak yayınları.

Vitale, H.V. (2020) Made in Turkey: Economic Diplomacy and Supply Chains. Available at: https://medium.com/meddah-a-u-s-turkey-storytellingproject/made-in-turkey-economic-diplomacy-and-supply-chains42c5932f5c0b (Access 29.06.2022).

Wallerstein, I. (1974) The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.

Wallich, H.C. and Wilson, J.F. (1981) “Economic Reconstruction in Europe: The Reintegration of Western Germany: A Symposium”, Zeitschrift für die gesamte Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics. Vol. 137(3), pp. 491–507.

Wayne, T. (2019) What Is Economic Diplomacy and How Does It Work? AFSA. Available at: https://afsa.org/what-economic-diplomacy-and-how-does-it-work (Access 29.06.2022).

William, H. (2021) “Turkey and Britain in World War II: Origins and Results of the Tripartite Alliance, 1935–40”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. Vol. 23(6), pp. 824–844. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1987764.

Willmott, G.S. (2017) Serendipity: A Gallipoli Love Story. Garry Willmott.

Woolcock, S. (2012) European Union Economic Diplomacy: The Role of the EU in External Economic Relations. 1st ed. Available at: https://www.routledge.com/European-Union-Economic-Diplomacy-The-Role-of-the-EU-in-External-Economic/Woolcock/p/book/9780754679318 (Access 29.06.2022).

Xinhua (2022) Turkey to host meeting with UN, Russia, Ukraine on grain corridor: media. Available at: https://english.news.cn/20220622/9904b923669f475685f760133f1ee222/c.html (Access 29.06.2022).

Yıldırım, B. (2014), “Türkiye Dış Politikası: İlkeler, Aktörler, Uygulamalar”, Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi. Vol. 1(2), pp. 183–189.

Yueh, L. (2020), Economic Diplomacy in the 21st Century: Principles and Challenges. Available at: https://lseideas.medium.com/economic-diplomacy-in-the-21st-century-principles-and-challenges-adce88916be4 (Access 29.06.2022).

Zirovcic, D.D. (2016) “Theoretical Principles of Economic Diplomacy”, SSRN. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2710671

Language: English

Pages: 143-173

How to Cite:

Harvard

Özçobanlar, M. (2022) "Türkiye’s Economic Diplomacy: Enhancing the Impact and Coherence of Türkiye’s External Actions as an Emerging Strategy". Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 3/2022, pp. 143-173. DOI: 10.33067/SE.3.2022.7

APA
Chicago