ISSUE: 2/2024

  • Volume 28
  • Number 2
  • 2024

Subscribe NEWSLETTER

Studia Europejskie –
Studies in European Affairs

ISSN: 1428-149X
e-ISSN: 2719-3780

Ccbync License

License

Articles published in the journal are under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International License

The Monetisation of Personal Data in EU Strategies: The Hoda/Google Case

Abstract

In July 2022, the Competition and Market Authority opened, on Hoda s.r.l.’s recommendation, an investigation (Competition and Market Authority, 2022) against Google for its alleged abuse of its dominant position and for having hindered interoperability in sharing the data of its users with other operators. Hoda itself is a start-up, active in the intermediation of personal data through the Weople app; natural persons who register with the app delegate Hoda for the collection of their data held by other companies, which are then archived in a digital wallet.

The aforementioned proceeding concluded with an undertaking, with communication dated 28th February 2023, by the Alphabet company, to develop new, automatic tools that allow network users to download and export their data from Google to a third-party app. The case leads one to reflect on the consequences and challenges that Europe is called upon to face in managing the phenomenon of the governance and the monetisation of personal data.

The institution of data portability, to the extent that it facilitates the circulation of data and the mobility of users, offers alternative operators the possibility of exerting competitive pressure on tech giants such as Google, which assert their dominance on the creation of ecosystems based on the management of potentially unlimited quantities of data, functional to one’s business model.

The topic arouses particular interest because if, on the one hand, it paves the way for the monetisation of personal data, on the other, it leads one to reflect, as highlighted in the past by the President of the Guarantor Authority for the protection of personal data, on the consequences in terms of a re-feudalisation of social relationships that the remuneration of consent to the treatment of one’s data would risk determining.

References

Astone, M.A. (2022) “Digital service act e nuovo quadro di esenzione dalla responsabilità dei prestatori di servizi intermediari: Quali prospettive?”, Contratto e impresa. Vol. 38(4), pp. 1050–1063.

Battelli, E. and D’Ippolito, G. (2019) Il diritto alla portabilità dei dati personali in Privacy digitale, (a cura di) E. Tosi, Riservatezza e protezione dei dati tra GDPR e nuovo Codice Privacy, Milano, pp. 185–227. ISBN: 97888.

Communication from the Commission – Guidelines on the priorities of the Commission in the application of art. 82 of the TR. EC to the abusive behavior of dominant companies aimed at the exclusion of competitors (2009) in Official Journal of the European Union no. C45/7, 24.02.2009, point 1, pp. 1–14. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52009XC0224(01) (Access 20.03.2024).

Competition and Market Authority (2022) Google-Ostacoli alla portabilità dei dati, A552, number 30215 in Boll number 27/2022, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://www.agcm.it/dotcmsdoc/impegni/p30508_all.pdf (Access 20.03.2024).

Conclusions of Advocate General Szpunar in case C-390/18, Aibnb Ireland, presented on 30 April 2019, (2019), pp.1–24. ECLI: EU:C:2019:336. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62018CC0390 (Access 20.03.2024).

Consumer Code, pursuant to article 7 of law 29.07.2003, no. 229. (1) (Legislative Decree 6 September 2005, no. 206), Official Journal no. 235 of 8.10.2005 – Ordinary Supplement no. 162), pp. D.L. 10.08.2023, no. 104, converted, with amendments, by Law 9.10.2023, no. 136.

D’Ippolito, G. (2020) “Commercializzazione dei dati personali: il dato personale tra approccio morale e negoziale”, Il Diritto dell’Informazione e dell’Informatica, pp. 635–674. Available at: https://dejure.it/#/home (Access 20.03.2024).

Drexl, J. (2019) Legal Challenges of the Changing Role of Personal and Non-Personal Data in the Data Economy in De Franceschi, A. and Schulze, R. (eds.), Digital Revolution: New Challenges for Law. München–Baden-Baden: C.H. Beck, pp. 19–41. Max Planck Institute for Innovation & Competition Research Paper No. 18–23. DOI: 10.17104/9783406759048-19.

Ezrachi, A. and Stucke, M. (2016) “Virtual Competition. The Promise and Perils of the Algorithm-Driven Economy”, Harvard University Press. 14.11.2016, pp. 368. Available at: https:// lccn.loc.gov/2016018188 (Access 20.03.2024).

GDPR (2019) Letter from the President of the Guarantor for the protection of personal data to the President of the European Data Protection Board – Request for opinion on the subject of commercialization of personal data and right to portability (2019), doc. web no. 9126725 of 1 August 2019. Available at: https://www.gpdp.it/web/guest/home/docweb/-/docweb-display/docweb/9126709 (Access 20.03.2024).

Investigation of competition (2020) Investigation of competition in digital markets. Majority staff report and recommendations. Subcommittee on antitrust, commercial and administrative law of the committee on the judiciary. United States 2020, pp. 1–450. Available at: https://democrats-judiciary.house.gov/uploadedfiles/competition_in_digital_markets.pdf (Access 20.03.2024).

Judgment of the Court of 14.02.1978 United Brands Company and United Brands Continentaal BV v Commission of the European Communities. Chiquita Bananas. Case 27/76 (1978), European Court Reports no. 1978-00207, point 65, pp. 1–103. ECLI: EU:C:1978:22. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:61976CJ0027 (Access 20.03.2024).

Law no. 287 (1990) Norme per la tutela della concorrenza e del mercato, Official Journal. General Series no. 240 of 13.10.1990. Available at: https://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1990-10-13&atto.codice Redazionale=090G0340 (Access 20.03.2024).

Maggiolino, M. (2018) “I Big data e il diritto antitrust”, Milano: Egea, p. 414. ISBN: 9788823815827.

Nicita, A. (2019) Il mercato del dato profilato tra privacy, concorrenza e potere contrattuale nella prospettiva economica in Cuffaro, V., D’Orazio, R. and Ricciuto V. (eds.) I dati personali nel diritto europeo, Torino: Giappichelli, pp. 1163–1177. EAN: 9788892112742.

Parliament and Council Directive 2000/31/EC on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market (Directive on electronic commerce) (2000) Official Journal of the European Union no. L 178,17 July 2000, pp. 0001–0016. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32000L0031 (Access 20.03.2024).

Parliament and Council Directive 2015/1535/EU laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical regulations and of rules on Information Society services (codification) (Text with EEA relevance) (2015), Official Journal of the European Union n. L241/1, 17.09.2015, pp. 1–15. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32015L1535 (Access 20.03.2024).

Parliament and Council Directive 98/34/EC Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22.06.1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations (1998) Official Journal of the European Communities no. L 204/37, 21.07.1998, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:31998L0034 (Access 20.03.2024).

Parliament and Council Directive 2006/123/UE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12.12.2006 on services in the internal market (2006) Official Journal of the European Union no. L 376/36, 27.12.2006, pp. 1–33. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32006L0123 (Access 20.03.2024).

Pitruzzella, G. (2016) “Big data, competition and privacy: a look from antitrust prospect”, Concorrenza e mercato, Special edition, Big Data e Concorrenza. Vol. 23, pp. 15–27.

Poletti, D. (2022) “Gli intermediari dei dati”, European Journal of Privacy Law & Technologies. No. 1, pp. 1–12. Available at: https://universitypress.unisob.na.it/ojs/index.php/ejplt/index (Access 20.03.2024).

Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19.10.2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending

Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act) (Text with EEA relevance) (2022) Official Journal of the European Union no. L 271/1, 27.10.2022, pp. 1–102. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R2065 (Access 20.03.2024).

Regulation (EU) 2022/1925 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14.09.2022 on contestable and fair markets in the digital sector and amending Directives (EU) 2019/1937 and (EU) 2020/1828 (Digital Markets Act) (Text with EEA relevance) (2022) Official Journal of the European Union no. L 265/1, 12.10.2022, pp. 1–66. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R 1925&qid=1698132211796 (Access 20.03.2024).

Regulation (EU) 2022/868 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30.05.2022 on European data governance and amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 (Data Governance Act) (Text with EEA relevance) (2022) Official Journal of the European Union no. L 152/1, 3.06.2022, pp. 1–44. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R0868 (Access 20.03.2024).

Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27.04.2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (Text with EEA relevance) (2016) Official Journal of the European Union no. L 119/1, 4.05.2016, pp. 1–88. Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32016R0679 (Access 20.03.2024).

Resta, G. (2022) “La regolazione digitale nell’Unione europea-pubblico, privato, collettivo nel sistema europeo di governo dei dati”, Rivista trimestrale di diritto pubblico. No. 4, pp. 971. Available at: https://dejure.it/#/home (Access 20.03.2024).

Sadin, E. (2019) Critica della ragione artificiale. Una difesa dell’umanità. Roma: Luiss University Press. EAN: 9788861053922 (Access 20.03.2024).

Senigaglia, R. (2020) “La dimensione patrimoniale del diritto alla protezione dei dati personali”, Contratto e impresa. Vol. 36(2), pp. 760–783.

Scorza, G. (2018) Il diritto alla portabilità tra privacy e regole del mercato, in Mantelero, A. and Poletti D. (eds.), Regolare la tecnologia: il reg. UE 2016/679 e la protezione dei dati personali. Un dialogo fra Italia e Spegna. Pisa: Pisa University Press, pp. 308. ISBN: 9788833391670. Available at: https://www.dimt.it/news/regolare-la-tecnologia-il-reg-ue-2016-679-e-la-protezione-dei-dati-personali-un-dialogo-fra-italia-e-spagna/ (Access 20.03.2024).

Zuboff, S. (2019) Il capitalismo della sorveglianza. Il futuro dell’umanità nell’era dei nuovi poteri. Roma: LUISS University Press. ISBN 978-88-6105-409-7.

Zurzolo, A. (2023) “La nuova frontiera della regolazione delle piattaforme digitali: le sanzioni contro Google e Meta”, Diritto Mercato Tecnologia: DIMT, pp. 1–53.

Language: English

Pages: 203-216

How to Cite:

Harvard

Correnti, A. (2024) "The Monetisation of Personal Data in EU Strategies: The Hoda/Google Case". Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 2/2024, pp. 203-216. DOI: 10.33067/SE.2.2024.11

APA
Chicago