ISSUE: 2/2025
- Volume 29
- Number 2
- 2025
Subscribe NEWSLETTER
Studia Europejskie –
Studies in European Affairs
ISSN: 1428-149X
e-ISSN: 2719-3780
License
Articles published in the journal are under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International License
Publication co-financed by Ministry of Science and Higher Education pursuant to the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Science of 3 August 2021 (Journal of Laws of 2021, item 1514) on the “Development of Scientific Journals” programme.
Publikacja dofinansowana przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wyższego na podstawie rozporządzenia Ministra Edukacji i Nauki z 3 sierpnia 2021 r. (Dz. U. z 2021 r. poz. 1514) w sprawie programu „Rozwój czasopism naukowych”.
Publication co-financed by the University of Warsaw within the “Excellence Initiative – Research University” programme.
Czasopismo otrzymało dofinasowanie w ramach Programu „Inicjatywa Doskonałości – Uczelnia Badawcza”.
Looking to the East. Finland’s Significance to Sweden Throughout the Centuries
Abstract
On 17th September 1809, the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Sweden concluded a peace treaty in Frederikshamn (present-day Hamina, Finland), thereby concluding the final conflict in a series of wars between the two countries. This treaty marked the loss of Sweden’s eastern Finnish provinces, which had constituted nearly half of the territory of the Swedish realm for approximately six centuries. The psychological trauma and political impact of the defeat suffered in 1809 appeared to be an important factor in determining the future Swedish foreign and security policy. The aim of this paper is to discuss the significance of Finland as regards the Swedish kingdom during the period of the Swedish-Finnish union, and its importance to Sweden in the era of the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland under Russian rule, along with its importance in a later context, following Finland’s emergence as a sovereign state.
However, throughout history, Sweden’s attitude towards Finland has been defined not only by matters of foreign policy and national security, but also by economy, trade, culture, art, and linguistic and social affairs, all of which should be taken into account in the context of considerations about Sweden’s interest in its eastern neighbour. Nevertheless, today, in the dynamically-changing realities of contemporary international relations, political and military cooperation with Finland has become an issue of the paramount importance for Sweden. Historically, Finland was regarded as a remote, peripheral area of the common kingdom, a territory where Sweden fought wars with Russia and, ultimately, a buffer zone separating it from the unpredictable and potentially aggressive eastern great power, but which has now become Sweden’s closest ally. In partnership with Finland, the Swedes are actively enhancing their defense potential to meet the challenges arising from the increasingly tense geopolitical situation in Europe and around the globe.
References
Aalders, G.H. (1989) Swedish neutrality and the Cold War, 1945–1949. Dissertation, Politological-Historical Department, University of Amsterdam. Available at: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcgl-clefindmkaj/https://repository.ubn.ru.nl/bitstream/handle/2066/113675/mmubn000001_080482082.pdf?sequence=1 (Access 13.02.2025).
About the Nordic Council of Ministers. Available at: https://www.norden.org/en/information/about-nordic-council-ministers (Access 19.02.2025).
Agius, Ch. (2006) The social construction of Swedish neutrality: Challenges to Swedish identity and sovereignty. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Arielli, N. (2017) From Byron to Bin Laden. A History of Foreign War Volunteers. Cambridge, MA–London. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctvqht1j.
Armed Strength of Russia. Compiled in the Intelligence Branch of the Quarter-master-General’s Department, Horse Guards, War Office (1882). London: Printed under the Superintendence of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.
Ålander, M. (2024) Sweden is Finland’s Closest Partner. Available at: https://kkrva.se/en/artiklar/sweden-is-finlands-closest-partner/ (Access 13.02.2025).
Åström, S.-E. (1988) From Tar to Timber Studies in Northeast European Forest Exploitation and Foreign Trade, 1660–1860. Helsinki: Societas Scientiarum Fennica.
Barros, J. (1968) Aland Islands Question: Its Settlement by the League of Nations. New Haven, CT–London: Yale University Press.
Braudel, F. (1992) Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, Vol. III: The Perspective of the World. Berkeley, CA–Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
Braun, M. (2021) The Politics of Regional Cooperation and the Impact on the European Union. A Study of Nordic Cooperation and the Visegrad Group. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. DOI: 10.4337/9781789906462.
Bryden, J. et al. (2015) Introduction in Bryden, J., Brox, O. and Riddoch, L. (eds.) Northern Neighbours. Scotland and Norway Since 1800. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696208.001.0001.
Carr, W. and Wetzel, D. (2023) A History of Germany, 1800 to the Present. London–New York: Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: 10.5040/978 1350062207.
Clements, J. (2022) A Short History of Finland. London: Haus Publishing. DOI: 10.2307/jj.5610576.
Clerc, L. (2023) Cultural Diplomacy in Cold War Finland. Identity, Geopolitics and the Welfare State. Springe: Cham. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-12205-7.
Cogen, M. (2016) An Introduction to Intergovernmental European Organizations. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315566849.
Cole, M. (2024) Steel Lobsters. Crown, Commonwealth, and the Last Kinghts in England. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. DOI: 10.5040/9781472863553.
Colibăşanu, A. (2023) Geopolitics, Geoeconomics and Borderlands. A Study of a Changing Eurasia and Its Implications for Europe. Cham: Springer Nature. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-33940-0.
Cottey, A. (2018) The Europe Neutrals and NATO: Future Prospects in Cottey, A. (ed.) The European Neutrals and NATO. Non-alignment, Partnership, Membership? Basingstoke–New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/978-1-137-59524-9.
Crampton, R.J. (1997) Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century – and After. London–New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
Czarny, R.M. (2017) A Modern Nordic Saga: Politics, Economy and Society. Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42363-0.
Czarny, R.M. (2018) Sweden: From Neutrality to International Solidarity. Cham: Springer International Publishing. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-77513-5.
De ruysscher, D. (2020) Chartered Companies in Sweden, the Dutch Republic and England (c. 1600–1630): Experiments in Corporate Governance in Tikka, K. (ed.) The Development of Commercial Law in Sweden and Finland (Early Modern Period – Nineteenth Century). Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/9789004436046_004.
Derry, T.K. (2000) A History of Scandinavia. Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland. Minneapolis, MN–London: University of Minnesota Press.
Dunning, Ch.S.L. (2001) Russia’s First Civil War. The Time of Troubles and Founding of the Romanov Dynasty. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania University Press.
Edvardsen, A. (2024) Sweden Announces Ambition to Lead NATO Force in Finland. Available at: https://www.highnorthnews.com/en/sweden-announces-ambition-lead-nato-force-finland (Access 14.02.2025).
Elgán, E. and Scobbie, I. (2015) Historical Dictionary of Sweden. Lanham, MD et al.: Rowman & Littlefield.
“Finland’s Older Forest Industries” (1932), Forest Worker. Vol. 8(4).
Fleig, K. (1974) Aalvar Aalto. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
Gialdroni, S. (2020) Sweden and Finland: A Lively Laboratory for Commercial Laws and Practices in Tikka, K. (ed.) The Development of Commercial Law in Sweden and Finland (Early Modern Period – Nineteenth Century). Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/9789004436046_009.
Gilmour, J. (2011) Sweden, Swastika and Stalin. The Swedish Experience in the Second World War. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. DOI: 10.3366/edinburgh/9780748627462.001.0001.
Glete, J. (2010) Swedish Naval Administration, 1521–1721. Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004179165.i-816.
Grooss, P. (2017) The Naval War in the Baltic. 1939–1945. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing.
Haapala, I. (2005) History of Finnish Bedrock research in Lehtinen, M., Nurmi, P.A. and Räimö, O.T. (eds.) Precambrian Geology of Finland – Key to the Evolution of Fennoscandian Shield. Amsterdam et al.: Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/S0166-2635(05)80018-0.
Hakkapeliitta. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkapeliitta (Access 16.02.2025).
Hall, Th. (2009) Stockholm. The Making of a Metropolis. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
Hammar, T. (1995) Labour migration to Sweden: the Finnish case in Cohen, R. (ed.) The Cambridge Survey of World Migration. Cambridge–New York, N.Y–Oakleigh, VIC: Cambridge University Press.
Harrison, D. (2002) Sveriges historia medeltiden. Stockholm: Liber.
Hinchliffe, I. and Holmes, Ph. (2020) Swedish: An essential grammar: Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315559131.
Hedén, A. (2016) Grand Swedishness, Historical Mission, and Modes of Modern Progressive Thought: Swedes in Finland in 1918 in Vuorinen, M., Kuronen, T. and Huhtinen, A.-M. (eds.) Regime Changes in 20th Century Europe: Reassessed, Anticipated and in the Making. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Hobson, R. et al. (2012) Scandinavia in the First World War in Ahlund, C. (ed.) Scandinavia in the First World War. Studies in the War Experience of the Northern Neutrals (Lund: Nordic Academic Press).
Hjelm, T. and Maude, G. (2021) Historical Dictionary of Finland. Lanham, MD et al.: Rowman & Littlefield. DOI: 10.5771/9781538111543.
Hosking, G. (2001) Russia: People and Empire, 1552–1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hufvudstadsbladet. Available at: http://www.midas-press.org/Documents/Hufvudstadsbladet.pdf (Access 14.02.2025).
IKEA X (2025) Marimekko. A collaboration on Nordic wellness and joy. Available at: https://www.marimekko.com/us_en/m/collaborations/ikea-x-marimekko (Access 14.02.2025).
Ikonomou, H.A. and Rasmussen, M. (2022) Scandinavian legal internationalism and the creation of the Permanent Court of International Justice in Morris, P.S. (ed.) Transforming the politics of international law: the Advisory Committee of Jurists and the formation of the world court in the League of Nations. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003020868-13.
Ingeborg (2025) Duchess of Öland. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingeborg,_Duchess_of_%C3%96land (Access 14.02.2025).
Ingeborg Håkansdotter (2020) Available at: https://skbl.se/en/article/IngeborgHakansdotter0 (Access 14.02.2025).
Jägerskiöld, O. (1957) Den svenska utrikespolitikens historia, 1721–1792. Vol. 2, Part 2. Stockholm: (N. Pub.).
Johansen, C. (2016) Hitler’s Nordic Ally ?: Finland and the Total War 1939–45. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
Joesten, J. (1945) “Phases in Swedish Neutrality”, Foreign Affairs. Vol. 23(2). DOI: 10.2307/20029898.
Jonnson, P. and Sandgren F. (2009) “Statistics on the occupational structure of Sweden 1800–1920: censuses a way to capture shifts in regional employment?”, International Comparative History of Occupational Structure (INCHOS). Available at: https://www.campop.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/internationaloccupations/inchos2009/sweden17.pdf (Access 19.02.2025).
Jussila, O., Hentilä, S. and Nevakivi, J. (1999) From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Karsh, E. (2011) Neutrality and Small States. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203721308.
Kent, H.S.K. (1973) War and Trade in Northern Seas. Anglo-Scandinavian economic relations in the mid-eighteen century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kiljunen, K. (1992) Finland and the New International Division of Labour. Basignstoke–London: Macmillan Press. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-10012-5.
Kirby, D. (2006) A Concise History of Finland. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781107280229.
Kleemola-Juntunen, P. (2019) The Åland Strait. Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/9789004364189.
Klinge, M. (1993) The Finnish tradition: Essays on structures and identities in the north of Europe. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura.
Korkiasaari, J. and Söderling, I. (2003) Finnish Emigration and Immigration after World War II. Turku Åbo: Siirtolaisuusinstituutti–Migrationsinstitutet.
Korpiola, M. (2018) Svea Court of Appeal Records as a Source of Commercial Law: The Founding Year of 1614 in Pihjalmäki, H. et al., Understanding the Sources of Early Modern Commercial Law. Courts, Statutes, Contracts, and Legal Scholarship. Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/9789004363144_013.
Kuldkepp, M. (2019) “National Revanchism at a Critical Juncture: Sweden’s Near-Involvement in the Crimean War as a Study in Swedish Nationalism”, Scandinavica. Vol. 58(2). DOI: 10.54432/scand/RXJE7055.
Kurunmäki, J. (2016) “Nordic Democracy” in 1935. On the Finnish and Swedish Rhetoric of Democracy in Kurunmäki, J. and Strang, J. (eds.) Rhetorics of Nordic Democracy. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
Laitinen, K. (1998) The Rise of Finnish-Language Literature, 1860–1916 in Schoolfield, G.C. (ed.) A History of Finland’s Literature. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
Lamberg, M. (2016) Finns as Aliens and Compatriots in the Late Medieval Kingdom of Sweden in Murray, A.V. (ed.) The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: the Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315238036-15.
Lambert, A. (2011) The Crimean War. British Grand Strategy against Russia, 1853–1856. Farnham–Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Lavery, J.E. (2006) The History of Finland. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. DOI: 10.5040/9798400664762.
Leitz, Ch. (2000) Nazi Germany and Neutral Europe during the Second World War. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Letter from the Consul General of Sweden in Finland (Ahlström) to the Finnish Government, Helsingfors, 4 January 1918 in Records of the U.S. Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Finland, 1910–1944, BPH, MFR 149, Roll. No. 17, fr. 1093–1094.
Letter from the Norwegian Minister for Foreign Affairs (Ihlen) to the President of the Finnish Government (Svinhufvud), Christiania, 10 January 1918 in Records of the U.S. Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Finland, 1910–1944, BPH, MFR 149, Roll. No. 17, fr. 1094.
Levime, P.A. (2002) Swedish Neutrality during the Second World War: Tactical Success or Moral Compromise? in Wylie, N. (ed.) European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents during the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511523793.015.
List of wars between Russia and Sweden. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden (Access: 28.03.2025).
Lowe, J. (2016) The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865–1925. London, New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
Lindahl, I. (1988) The Soviet Union and the Nordic Nuclear-Weapons-Free-Zone Proposal. Basingstoke–London: Macmillan Press. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-349-09320-5.
Line, Ph. (2007) Kingship and State Formation in Sweden 1130–1290. Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004155787.i-700.
Lundin, C.L. (1981) Finland in Thaden, E.C (ed.) Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
MacDougall, Ph. (2022) The Great Anglo-Russian Naval Alliance of the Eighteenth Century and Beyond. Woodbridge–Rochester, N.Y.: The Boydell Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781800104297.
Madariga de, I. (2006) Ivan the Terrible. First Tsar of Russia. New Haven, CT–London: Yale University Press.
Majander, M. (2008) “The limits of sovereignty. Finland and the Question of the Marshall Plan in 1947”, Scandinavian Journal of History. Vol. 19(4). DOI: 10.1080/03468759408579285.
Malmborg, M. af (2021) Neutrality and Statebuilding in Sweden. Basignstoke–New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan.
Mannerheim, C.G. (2017) Wspomnienia. Warszawa: Editions Spotkania.
Maude, G. (2010) Aspects of the Governing of the Finns. New York, N.Y.: Peter Lang.
Mazowski, K. (2023) Oravais 1808. Warszawa: Bellona.
McKenna, A. (2014) Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Chicago, IL–New York, N.Y.: Britannica Educational Publishing, Rosen Educational Services.
McRae, K. (1997) Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies: Finland (Vol. 3). Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid Laurier University Press.
Meier, D. (2006) Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
Meinander, H. (2020) A History of Finland. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Mjøset L. (2000) The Nordic Economies 1945–1980. Available at: https://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arena-working-papers/1994-2000/2000/wp00_6.htm (Access 15.02.2025).
Moss, W.G. (2005) A History of Russia. Vol. II: Since 1855. London: Anthem Press.
Murphy, D. (2021) The Finnish-Soviet Winter War 1939–1940. Stalin’s Hollow War. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
Müller, P. and Slominski, P. (2024) Hungary, the EU and Russia’s War Against Ukraine: The Changing Dynamics of EU Foreign Policymaking in Wiesner, C. and Knodt, M. (eds.) The War Against Ukraine and the EU. Facing New Realities. Basingstoke–New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-35040-5_6.
Naimark, N.M. (2019) Stalin and the Fate of Europe. The Postwar Struggle for Sovereignty. Cambridge, MA–London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. DOI: 10.4159/9780674242913.
Nilsen, Th. (2024) Sweden will lead NATO troops in northern Finland. Available at: https://www.thebarentsobserver.com/security/sweden-will-lead-nato-troops-in-northern-finland/290270 (Access 14.02.2025).
Nossov, K. (2012) Russian Fortresses 1480–1682. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. Note from the Consul of France in Finland (Reynaud) to the President of the Finnish Government (Svinhufvud), Helsingfors, 6 January 1918 in Records of the U.S. Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Finland, 1910–1944, BPH, MFR 149, Roll. No. 17, fr. 1092–1093.
Nylund, A. (2023) An Introduction to Finnish Legal Culture in Koch, S. and Kjølstad, M.M. (eds.) Hndbook on Legal Cultures. A Selection of the World’s Legal Cultures. Cham: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-27745-0_14.
Ogilvie, S. (2011) Institutions and European Trade: Merchant Guilds, 1000–1800. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511974410.
O’Neill, A. (2024) Population of Finland 1750–2020. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1009145/total-population-finland-1750-2020/ (Access 12.02.2025).
Østergård, U. (2006) Entre deux mers: Comparing the Mediterranean and Baltic Sea in Schymik, C., Henze, V. and Jochen, H. (eds.) Go North! Baltic Sea Region Studies: Past – Present – Future. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, pp. 161–194.
Paci, D. (2023) Between the Seas. Island Identities in the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas. London–New York, N.Y–Dublin: Bloomsbury Academic. DOI: 10.5040/9781838606220.
Pesonen, P. and Riihinen, O. (2018) Dynamic Finland – The Political System and the Welfare State. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
Pesu, M. and Iso-Markku, T. (2024) “Insufficiency of informal alignment: why did Finland choose formal NATO membership?”, International Affairs. Vol. 100(2). DOI: 10.1093/ia/iiae006.
Peterson, G.D. (2007) Warrior kings of Sweden: the rise of an empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.
Phillips, E.J. (1995) Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688–1714. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Pike, J. (2022) The Thirty Years War, 1618–1648. The First Global War and the End of the Habsburg Supremacy. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Books.
Polvinen, T., Valtakunta ja rajamaa. N. I. Bobrikov Suomen kenraalikuvernöörinä 1898–1904. Helsinki: WSOY.
Rauta, V. (2022) Isoviha. København: Saga Egmont.
Roberts, M. (1979) The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560–1718. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511622274.
Roon, G. van (1989) Small States in Years of Depression: The Oslo Alliance, 1930–1940. Assen: Van Gorcum and Comp BV.
Rosas, A. (2024) The Demilitarisation and Neutralisation of the Åland Islands: Customary Law Aspects in Alfredsson, G. and Lindholm, G. (eds.) The Autonomy of the Åland Islands. Constitutional and International Law Challenges. Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill–Nijhoff. DOI: 10.1163/9789004691117_010.
Rothschild, J. (2016) East Central Europe between the Two World Wars. Seattle, WA–London: University of Washington Press. DOI: 10.1515/9780295803647.
Salmon, P. (1997) Scandinavia and the great 1890–1940. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511582196.
Sander, G.F. (2013) The Hundred Day Winter War: Finland’s Gallant Stand against the Soviet Army. Lawrence, KS–University Press of Kansas.
Scott, F.D. (1988) Sweden. The Nation’s History. Carbondale, IL and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
Selart, A. (2015) Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century. Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/9789004284753.
Sievers, R.B. (2016) Gustav II. Adolf von Schweden – Erinnerungskultur und Legendenbildung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert in Brandt P., Daum, W. and Horn, M. (eds.) Der skandinavische Weg in die Moderne. Beiträge zur Geschichte Norwegens und Schwedens vom Spätmittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag.
Simon, J.B. (2019) Strangers in a Stranger Land. How One Country’s Jews Fought an Unwinnable War alongside Nazi Troops… and Survived. Lanham, MD et al: Hamilton Books.
Singleton, F. (1998) A short History of Finland. Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511608087.
Smele, J.D. (2015) Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190233044.001.0001.
Smith, D.J et al. (eds.) (2002) The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. London and New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
Sprague, M. (2005) Sweden: An Illustrated History. New York, N.Y: Hippocrene Books.
Stadius, P. (2023) Nordism as a remake of the Nordic-Scandinavian pan-nationalism in Hemsrad, R. and Stadius, P. (eds.) Nordic Experiences in Pan–Nationalisms. A Reapprisal and Comparison, 1840–1940. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781003372202.
Statement of the Council of People’s Commissars Concerning the Recognition of the Finnish Republic, Petrograd, 18 December 1917 in Records of the U.S. Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Finland, 1910–1944, BPH, MFR 149, Roll. No. 17, fr. 1085.
Stone, D.Z. (2001) The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795. Seattle, WA–London: University of Washington Press.
Strang, J. (2021) “The Rhetoric of Nordic Cooperation: From the Other Europe to the Better Europe?” in Marjanen, J., Strang, J. and Hilson, M. (eds.) Contesting Nordicness From Scandinavianism to the Nordic Brand. Oldenbourg: De Gruyter. DOI: 10.1515/9783110730104-006.
Suchoples, J. (2022) “In the Shadow of the Eastern Neighbour. Finland in the Security Policy of Russia and the Soviet Union from Peter the Great to Contemporary Times”, Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs. Vol. 26(4). DOI: 10.33067/SE.4.2022.1.
Suchoples, J. (2003) “Towards Scandinavia: The 1935 Reorientation of Finland’s Foreign Policy”, Berliner Interuniversitäre Arbeitsgruppe
Baltische Staaten Berichte. Vol. 28.
Telegram from the Danish Minister for Foreign Affairs (Scavenius) to the Finnish Government, Copenhagen, 10 January 1918 in Records of the U.S. Department of State Relating to the Internal Affairs of Finland, 1910–1944, BPH, MFR 149, Roll. No. 17, fr. 1094.
The Helsinki Treaty (2018) Treaty of Co-operation between Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.
Tikka, K. (2020) The Swedish Tar Company – Balancing Between Privileges, Commerce and Foreign Policy in Tikka, K. (ed.) The Development of Commercial Law in Sweden and Finland (Early Modern Period – Nineteenth Century). Leiden–Boston, MA: Brill. DOI: 10.1163/9789004436046.
Troyat, H. (2006) Katarzyna Wielka. Nienasycona żądza życia i władzy. Warszawa: Amber.
Tuchtenhagen, R. (2022) “Between Russia, Sweden, and Finland: The Åland Question Since 1809”, Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs. Vol. 26(4). 10.33067/SE.4.2022.4.
United Nations (1922) Convention Relating to the Non-Fortification and Neutralisation of the Aaland Islands, signed at Geneva, October 20, 1921 in League of Nations Treaty Series Publication of Treaties and International Engagements Registered with the Secretariat of the League of Nations. Vol. 9(255).
Upton, A. (2016) The Crisis in Scandinavia and the Collap1se of Interwar Ideals, 1938–1940 in Stirk, P.M.R. (ed.) European Unity in Context. The Interwar Period. London–New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
Vahtola, J. (2003) Suomen historia jääkaudesta Eu- roopan unioniin. Keuruu: Otava.
Vehviläinen, O. (2002) Finland in the Second World War. Between Germany and Russia. Basingstoke–New York, N.Y: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781403919748.
Voutilainen, M., Helske, J. and Högmander, H. (2020) “A Bayesian Reconstruction of a Historical Population in Finland, 1647–1850”, Demography. Vol. 57(3). DOI: 10.1007/s13524-020-00889-1.
Weckström, L. (2016) Representations of Finnishness in Sweden. Helsinki: Finnish Literature Society.
Westberg, J. (2022) How Small States Manage to Stay Out of Wars: Explaining Sweden’s 200 Years of Peace in Biletkin, N., Müller, L. and Petersson, M. (eds.) 200 Years of Peace. New Perspectives on Modern Swedish Foreign Policy. New York, N.Y–Oxford. DOI: 10.1515/9781800735903-003.
Wallin, L.B. (1990) Sweden in Bissell, R.E. and Gasteyger, C. (eds.) The Missing Link. West European Neutrals and Regional Security. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press.
White, R. (2010) These Stones Bear Witness. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
Wilenius, M. (2017) Patterns of the Future. Understanding the Next Wave of Global Change. New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Europe. DOI: 10.1142/q0083.
Wivel, A. (2014) Birds of a feather flying apart? Explaining Nordic dissonance in the (post-)unipolar world in Dahl, A.-S. and Järvenpää, P. (eds.) Northern Security and Global Politics. Nordic-Baltic strategic influence in a post-unipolar world. Abingdon–New York, N.Y.: Routledge.
Wolff, A.T. (2025) Who Is NATO for? in Sperling, J. and Webber, M. (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of NATO. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198851196.013.6.
Wuorinen, J.H. (1965) A History of Finland. New York, N.Y: Columbia University Press. DOI: 10.7312/wuor91426.
DOI: 10.33067/SE.2.2025.5
Language: English
Pages: 89-122
How to Cite:
Harvard
Suchoples, J. (2025) "Looking to the East. Finland’s Significance to Sweden Throughout the Centuries". Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 2/2025, pp. 89-122. DOI: 10.33067/SE.2.2025.5