ISSUE: 4/2021
- Volume 25
- Number 4
- 2021
Subscribe NEWSLETTER
Studia Europejskie –
Studies in European Affairs
ISSN: 1428-149X
e-ISSN: 2719-3780
License
Articles published in the journal are under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International License
EU Military Operations as a Tool in the EU’s Foreign Policy Toolbox – The Main Trends and Limitations
Abstract
The main aim of the article is to characterise and analyse EU military operations, taking into account their objectives, assumptions, successes as well as their limitations and weaknesses. The author focusses his research on EU activities in Sub-Saharan Africa. The following research questions were posed: – what is the specifi city and characteristic features of EU military crisis management operations; – to what extent and in what direction are military operations launched by the EU evolving; – in what way do EU military operations infl uence the perception of the EU as a civilian and normative power and affect the development of the EU as a security actor; – what are the main limitations and weaknesses of EU military operations and what is their future in EU foreign policy? The author applied the following research methods: factorial, comparative, scenario, quantitative, and qualitative analysis. The main conclusion is that the EU’s military operations and its military training missions should solely be perceived as one of the elements (measures) in EU foreign policy. As has been indicated in the title of the article, they are “a tool in the EU’s foreign policy toolbox”.
References
Cathelin M., EU’s Africa Foreign Policy after Lisbon. Conference Report, Brussels – 18 October 2011, The Observatoire de l’Afrique, http://www.obsafrique.eu/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/Conference-Report_EUAfrica-Foreign-Policy1.pdf (access 26.11.2021).
Ciupiński A., Wspólna polityka bezpieczeństwa i obrony Unii Europejskiej. Geneza, rozwój, funkcjonowanie, Difin, Warszawa 2008.
Covid-19 in Africa. At the end of the line, “The Economist”, 06–12 February 2021.
Cristiani D., Fabiani R., From Disfunctionality to Disaggregation and Back? The Malian Crisis, Local Players and European Interests, “IAI Working Papers”, no. 1308, http://www.iai.it/sites/default/fi les/iaiwp1308.pdf (access 25.11.2021).
Cristiani D., The Malian Crisis: Causes and Dynamics in: The EU’s External Action Service: Potentials for a one voice Foreign Policy, eds. D. Dialer, H. Neisser, A. Opitz, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck 2014, DOI: 10.26530/OAPEN_466610.
CSDP Missions and Operations: Lessons Learned Processes, DirectorateGeneral for External Policies of the Union Directorate B Policy Department Study, European Parliament, April 2012.
Ehrhart H.G., Petretto K., The EU and Somalia: Counter-Piracy and the Question of a Comprehensive Approach, Study for The Greens/European Free Alliance, Hamburg 2012.
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni M., The EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy and the Mali Crisis, 16 August 2013, http://www.e-ir.info/2013/08/16/the-eus-common-security-and-defense-policy-and-the-mali-crisis (access 25.11.2021).
Fiott D., Introduction, in: The CSDP in 2020. The EU’s legacy and ambition in security and defence, ed. D. Fiott, European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Paris 2020.
Fitzgerad M., Somalia’s future relies on an army that does not yet exist, “The Irish Times”, Nov 4, 2013, https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/africa/somalia-s-future-relies-on-an-army-that-does-not-yet-exist1.1582453 (access 25.11.2021).
France’s reset in Africa, “The Economist” 05–11 June 2021.
Frankowski P., Słomczyńska I., Unia Europejska – Afryka Subsaharyjska.Uwarunkowania. Mechanizmy. Efektywność współpracy, Wydawnictwo UMCS, Lublin 2011.
Gebhard C., Smith S.J., The two faces of EU–NATO cooperation: Counterpiracy operations off the Somali coast, “Cooperation and Confl ict”, vol. 50(1)/2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836714532917.
Gebhard C., Smith S.J., Beyond Rivalry? EU–NATO Cooperation in CounterPiracy Operations, http://piracy-studies.org/2014/beyond-rivalry-eunato-cooperation-in-counter-piracy-operation/ (access 28.11.2021).
Gegout C., Causes and Consequences of the EU’s Military Intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A Realist Explanation, “European Foreign Affairs Review”, vol. 10(3)/2005.
Górka-Winter B., Misja Unii Europejskiej w Demokratycznej Republice Konga (EUFOR RD Congo), “Biuletyn PISM”, no. 384/2006.
Gowan R., Bordering on Crisis: Europe, Africa, and a New Approach to Crisis Management, “Policy Brief ”, April 2017, European Council on Foreign Relations.
Helly D., EU NAVFOR Somalia, in: ESDP: The fi rst 10 years (1999–2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly, D. Keohan, EU Institute for Security Studies, Paris 2009.
Howorth J., Security and Defence Policy in the European Union, Springer, Basingstoke 2007, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-04439-6.
https://eeas.europa.eu/topics/military-and-civilian-missions-andoperations/430/military-and-civilian-missions-and-operations_en (access 28.11.2021).
János T., Operation “Artemis”: The First Autonomous EU-led Operation, “AARMS”, vol. 14(1)/2015, DOI: https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2015.1.11.
Lavallée Ch., Völkel J.C., EU security governance in the Sahel region: Implementing a multidimensional strategy in an unstable environment, Paper, presented at the IPSA Annual Conference Montreal, 21 July 2014.
Lindstrom G., Emerging security challenges. Four futures for CSDP, in: The CSDP in 2020. The EU’s legacy and ambition in security and defence,
European Union, ed. D. Fiott, Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), Paris 2020.
Major C., EUFOR RD Congo, in: ESDP: The fi rst 10 years (1999–2009), eds. G. Grevi, D. Helly, D. Keohan, EU Institute for Security Studies, Paris 2009.
Manners I., Normative power Europe reconsidered: beyond the crossroads, “Journal of European Public Policy”, vol. 13(2)/2006, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13501760500451600.
Meijnders M., Zandee D., The CSDP in Africa, in: The EU as a security actor in Africa. In-depth study Clingendael Monitor 2016, ed. D. Zandee, Netherlands Institute of International Relations “Clingendael”, The Hague 2015, https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2016-02/EU_as_a_security_actor_in%20Africa_In-depth_study_Clingendael_Monitor_2016.pdf (access 10.11.2021).
Menon A., Empowering paradise? The ESDP at ten, “International Affairs”, vol. 85(2)/2009, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2346.2009.00791.x.
Miller B., Democracy Promotion: Offensive Liberalism versus the Rest (of IR Theory), “Millennium: Journal of International Studies”, vol. 38(3)/2010, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829810366475.
Norheim-Martinsen P.M., The EU in Africa: peacebuilding by proxy, Noref Report – October 2013, https://www.fi les.ethz.ch/isn/172333/f486d101d4f46690d710109f9f466c73.pdf (access 10.11.2021).
Nováky N.I.M., From EUFOR to EUMAM: The European Union in the Central African Republic, “European Foreign Affairs Review”, vol. 21(1)/2016.
Olsen G.R., The EU and Military Confl ict Management in Africa: For the Good of Africa or Europe?, “International Peacekeeping”, vol. 16(2)/2009.
Palm T., Crum B., Military operations and the EU’s identity as an international security actor, “European Security”, vol. 28(4)/2019, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2019.1667769.
Pohl B., The Logic Underpinning EU Crisis Management Operations, “European Security”, vol. 22(3)/2013, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2012.726220.
\Raubo J., Operacja wojskowa EUTM SOMALIA, in: Operacje wojskowe Unii Europejskiej w Afryce, ed. B. Przybylska-Maszner, Poznań 2014.
Rękawek K., Terlikowski M., EU CSDP in the Light of the Crisis in Mali, “PISM Bulletin”, no. 21(997)/2013.
Shurkin M., Pezard S., Zimmerman S.R., Mali’s Next Battle. Improving Counterterrorism Capabilities, RAND Corporation, London 2017,https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/
RR1200/RR1241/RAND_RR1241.pdf (access 25.11.2021).
Sixdenier B., Stability spectrum: the battle for stabilization in the Central African Republic, “IRSEM Research Paper”, no. 42/2017.
Somalia SSR Background Note, http://issat.dcaf.ch/Learn/ResourceLibrary/Country-Profiles/Somalia-SSR-Background-Note (access 26.11.2021).
Stavridis S., Why the ‘Militarising’ of the European Union is Strengthening the Concept of a Civilian Power Europe, “EUI Working Papers”, no. 1/2001, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03932720108456945.
Tardy T., EUFOR RCA: tough start, smooth end, “Issue Alert”, March 2015, European Union Institute for Security Studies. The EU and the world: players and policies post-Lisbon, ed. A. Missiroli, A handbook, EU Institute for Security Studies, Paris 2016.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, The World’s Cities in 2018—Data Booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/417), 2018, https://www.un.org/en/events/citiesday/assets/pdf/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf (access 26.11.2021).
United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa, Policy brief: impact of COVID-19 in Africa, Addis Ababa, 20 May 2020.
Walker T.C., Two Faces of Liberalism: Kant, Paine, and the Question of Intervention, “International Studies Quarterly”, no. 52/2008, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00510.x.
Zajączkowski K., CSDP missions and operations as instruments of EU crisis management – their essence, role and determinants, “On-line Journal Modelling the New Europe”, no. 34/2020, DOI: https://doi.org/10.24193/OJMNE.2020.34.01.
Zajączkowski K., Misje cywilne i operacje wojskowe Unii Europejskiej w perspektywie wybranych teorii stosunków międzynarodowych i integracji europejskiej, Centrum Europejskie UW, Warszawa 2019.
DOI: 10.33067/SE.4.2021.1
Language: English
Pages: 7-34
How to Cite:
Harvard
Zajączkowski, K. (2021) "EU Military Operations as a Tool in the EU’s Foreign Policy Toolbox – The Main Trends and Limitations". Studia Europejskie – Studies in European Affairs, 4/2021, pp. 7-34. DOI: 10.33067/SE.4.2021.1